History of Cricket

Introduction

The history of the sport of cricket is known to have begun in the late 16th century. Originating in the South East of England, it was established as a sport in England in the 18th century and developed globally in the 19th century and the 20th century. International matches have been played since the 19th century, and the official test match of cricket is believed to have been played since 1877. Cricket is the second most popular spectator sport in the world after the Football Association. Internationally, cricket is governed by the International Cricket Council (ICC). ) has over 100 countries and territories, but only 12 currently play Test cricket. The rules of the game are defined in the "Laws of Cricket". The game can take many forms, from one-day cricket played over several hours to test matches lasting up to five days.

Origin

Cricket was invented in Saxon or Norman times by children living in Weald, an area of ​​dense forest and clearing in the southeastern provinces of Kent and Sussex in England. The first definite written reference is to his late 16th century. There is some speculation about the game's origins, including that it was created in France or Flanders. The earliest of these speculative references is from 1300 and concerns the future Edward II playing in "Krieg and other games" at both Westminster and Newenden. It has been suggested that ``creag'' is an Old English word for cricket, but experts believe this is an early spelling of ``craic'' meaning ``fun and games in general''. I'm here. It is generally believed that cricket survived as a child's thing. The game was played for generations until it became more and more popular among adults around the early 17th century. Perhaps, given that bowling is an older sport, cricket may have been derived from the bowl by the intervention of the batsman trying to knock the ball away and stop it from reaching its target. An early tool for playing in sheep pastures and clearings may have been a matted mass of wool (or a stone or small mass of wood) as a ball. Other agricultural implements such as sticks, crooks, or bats. Turnstiles include stools, stumps, or gates (eg, turnstile gates).

First definite reference

In 1597 (old style - 1598 new style), the game of croquet was mentioned in an English trial concerning a dispute over a common land in Guildford, Surrey. Coroner John Derrick, 59, testified that when he was in free school 50 years ago, he played couquet with his school friends at the location. Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was played in Surrey around 1550, and is the earliest widely accepted mention of the game. The first mention of cricket being played as an adult sport was in 1611 when two men from Sussex were indicted. Because I played cricket on Sunday instead of going to church. In the same year, the dictionary defined cricket as a juvenile game, suggesting that adult participation was a recent development.

Derivation of the name of "cricket"

It is believed that many words may be the origin of the term "cricket". The earliest unambiguous references spell it as cricket. The name is likely derived from Middle Dutch krick(-e), which means stick. The Old English cricc or crice means a crutch or cane, and the French criquet means a wooden pole. Middle Dutch clickstall means a long, low chair used for kneeling in church. It resembled the long, low wickets with two stumps used in early cricket. According to Heiner Gilmeister, a European linguistics expert at the University of Bonn, "cricket" comes from the Middle Dutch word for hockey, meth de (crik ket) sen (or "chasing with a stick"). The term cricket is based on words used in the South East of England at the time, and many Middle Dutch words took root in the 15th century when it belonged to the counties of Flanders, especially the Duchy of Burgundy, in trade relations. . to dialects of Southern English.

The Commonwealth

After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government cracked down on "illegal gatherings", especially more noisy sports such as soccer. Their laws also required stricter Sabbath observance than before. Cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth period, as the Sabbath was the only free time for the lower classes. However, public-paid schools such as Winchester and St. Paul did well. There is no actual evidence that the Oliver Cromwell administration specifically banned cricket, and there were references to cricket during the interregnum, suggesting that the authorities tolerated cricket as long as it did not cause a "violation of the Sabbath". ing. It is believed that during this time, common nobility adopted cricket by participating in village games.

Gambling and press coverage

Cricket flourished after the Restoration in 1660 when it is believed that it first attracted gamblers to bet big. A top-class match may have begun, as some historians believe. In 1664, the 'Cavalier' Parliament passed the Gambling Act 1664 limiting wagers to £100, which was still a lot of money at the time, equivalent to around £16,000 in today's money. By the end of the 17th century, cricket was an important player, as evidenced by newspaper reports of a "great match" played in 1697 in Sussex for 11-a-side at a high stake of 50 guineas per team. It had become a gambling sport. Press freedom was granted in 1696, and cricket first appeared in newspapers. But it took a long time before the newspaper industry was able to provide frequent, let alone comprehensive, coverage of the game. In the first half of the 18th century, the press tended to focus more on betting than on games.

Patronage and players

The first patrons were introduced to gambling when some gamblers decided to form their own teams to intensify their betting, the first "county teams" being established after the Restoration in 1660. It is believed to have formed especially when members of the nobility were employed. We had a 'local expert' from village cricket as an early professional. The first known game in which teams used the county name was in 1709, but there is little doubt that games of this kind had been prepared long before that. The 1697 match was probably Sussex against other counties. The most notable of the early patrons was a group of aristocrats and businessmen active from about 1725, when media coverage became more regular, perhaps due to patronage. rice field. These people included the 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sir William Gage, Alan Brodrick and Edwin Stead. For the first time, the press has mentioned individual players like Thomas Weymark.

Cricket expands beyond England

Cricket was introduced to North America via the British colonies in the 17th century, probably before reaching northern England. In the 18th century, it spread to other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists and to the Indian subcontinent by East India Company sailors in the first half of the century. Cricket arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonization began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early 19th century. Despite the efforts of the upper class to popularize cricket as a way of identifying it, it never took off in Canada. Along with "motherland". Unlike Australia and the West Indies, the game continued to decline in popularity in Canada between 1860 and 1960. Associated with the upper-class sport in the public consciousness, the game never became popular with the general public. I had to compete with baseball in the summer. During World War I, Canadian troops stationed in France played baseball instead of cricket.

Development of the Laws

It is not clear when the basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, wickets, pitch dimensions, overs, and howouts were formulated. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up a treaty clause to determine the rules for playing certain games. This has become a common feature when it comes to betting payouts and winnings distributions, especially given the importance of gambling. In 1744, the rules of cricket were first codified, then revised in 1774 to add innovations such as lbw, middle stump, and maximum width of the bat. These laws stipulated that "the principal shall elect from among the gentlemen present two judges who shall decide absolutely all disputes." This constitution was drawn up by the so-called Star and Garter Club, whose members eventually founded the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lords in 1787. The MCC soon became the custodian of the law and has since undergone regular revisions and re-codifications.

Continued growth in England

The game continued to spread throughout England, and Yorkshire was first mentioned as a venue in 1751. The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground like a bowl) dates from some time after 1760, when bowlers began throwing balls and studying changes in line, length, and pace. has been superseded by Scorecards began to be kept regularly from 1772. Since then, the development of the sport has become more and more clear. The first famous clubs were London and Dartford in the early 18th century. London played the match in the artillery field, which still exists. Other players followed suit, notably Sussex's Slingdon, backed by the Duke of Richmond and featuring star player Richard Newland. Other notable clubs included Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Bromley, Addington, Hadlow and Chertsey. However, the most famous of the early clubs was Hambledon in Hampshire. It started as a parish organization and first gained prominence in 1756. The club itself was founded in the 1760s and was sponsored to such an extent that it was central to the game for nearly 30 years before the founding of the MCC and the opening of the club. Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787. Hambledon produced some outstanding players, including the great hitter John Small and the first great fast bowler, Thomas Brett. Their most notable opponents were Chertsey and Surrey bowler Edward 'Lumpy' Stevens, who is believed to have been the chief proponent of Flight Delivery. The introduction of the straight bat was the answer to pitches that were skipped or pitched. Older "hockey stick" style bats were only effective against balls that were rolling or skimming along the ground. First-class cricket began in 1772. Three surviving scorecards from 1772 matches hosted by the Hambledon club begin a continuous statistical record. All three matches were played between Hampshire and England, the first being played at Broad Halfpenny Downs on 24 and 25 June. The two leading online archives will begin first-class coverage with the match, numbered 'first class no. 1' by ESPNcricinfo and 'f1' by CricketArchive. The broad halfpenny down continued to be used regularly by the Hambledon/Hampshire team until 1781.

19th-century cricket

The game also saw the formation of county clubs for the first time and a fundamental change in the organization. All present county clubs, beginning in Sussex in 1839, were founded in his 19th century. As soon as the first county clubs had established themselves when William Clark founded the Itinerant All England Eleven in 1846, they were confronted with what amounted to 'player action'. Although a commercial venture, the team did a great job of spreading the game to neighborhoods that never existed before. It used to be visited by high-ranking cricketers as well. Other similar teams were created and the fad continued for about 30 years. But the county and MCC won. Cricket's growth in the mid-to-late 19th century was fueled by the development of the railroad network. For the first time, far-flung teams can play against each other without prohibitively time-consuming travel. Spectators may travel long distances leading up to the game, potentially increasing crowd size. Army units across the empire had plenty of time and encouraged locals to organize fun competitions. Most of the empire except Canada embraced cricket. In 1864 another bowling revolution resulted in the legalization of the overarm, the same year the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was first published. W. G. Grace began a long and influential career from this time and his feats contributed greatly to the rise of cricket's popularity. He introduced innovations that revolutionized the game, especially in batting.

International cricket begins

The first ever international cricket match was between the United States and Canada in 1844. The match was played on the grounds of St George's Cricket Club in New York. In 1859, a team of leading British professionals left for North America on the first-ever overseas tour, and in 1862 the first British team toured Australia. From May to October 1868, an Australian Aboriginal team toured England, becoming the first Australian cricket team to travel abroad. In 1877, Australia's England touring team played two matches against the Australian Full Eleven in what is now considered the first Test match. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time, and the success of this tour ensured public demand for similar undertakings in the future. There were no tests in 1878, but they were soon followed by a tense Australian victory at the 1882 Oval, and The Ashe was born. South Africa became the third test nation in 1889.

National championships

An important development in domestic cricket came in 1890 when an official county championship was established in England. Shortly thereafter, in May 1894, the sport's first-class standards were formally defined. This systematic effort has been replicated in other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892-1893. Other domestic competitions to be established include South Africa's Currie Cup, New Zealand's Plunkett Shield, and India's Lunge Trophy. The ICC redefined first-class status as a global concept in 1947. The period between 1890 and the outbreak of World War I was one of nostalgia, as teams ostensibly played cricket according to the 'spirit of the game'. But more realistic, because it was a peacetime ravaged by the First World War. This era was called the Golden Age of Cricket and featured many great players such as Grace, Wilfred Rose, C.B. Frye, Lanji Tsinge, and Victor Trumper.

Balls per over

Most 19th-century standard overs consisted of four deliveries. In 1889 five-ball overs were introduced into first-class cricket, and in 1900 he generally came to use six-ball overs. During the 20th century, 8-ball overs were occasionally used in many countries, especially Australia. In South Africa and New Zealand, the 8-ball was the standard length between 1918/19 and 1978/79. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, 6 balls per over have been used around the world and the latest rules allow only 6 ball overs.

Growth of international cricket

The game of cricket was exported to other colonies around the world. The Imperial Cricket Conference was founded in 1909 with England, Australia, and South Africa as founding members. It was established as the original association of the ICC with the Marylebone Cricket Club, the Australian International Cricket Control Board, and the South African Cricket Association. This was intended to regulate international cricket among the three parties considered the only equal status at the time. In 1926, both New Zealand and the West Indies were admitted as members, allowing them to face opposing teams in Test cricket. However, in the West Indies at this time, cricket was predominantly dominated by the white population. Initially, the ICC had no interest in promoting cricket's international popularity. The group was reluctant to invite non-Commonwealth nations to the games. New Zealand has been restricted from participating in the three-day Test match. New Zealand and India were both test participants before World War II, followed soon after by Pakistan in 1952. Pakistan's original proposal expanded the ICC from 1965 to include non-testing countries and allowed associate members. At the same time, this organization changed its name to the International Cricket Conference. The first Limited Over World Cup was held in the 1970s and Sri Lanka became the first Associate Member to be promoted to Test Playing status in 1982. As the ICC was primarily a Western organization, the founding countries decided who could attend the conference. Or you can participate in a cricket test. There was no desire or attempt to create a set of associate nations to play in Test status. As such, countries such as Sri Lanka were not allowed to participate until the 1980s. International Gaming continued to grow with the introduction of associate membership status. A level of membership was designed in 1984 for teams with less experience playing cricket. In 1989 the ICC changed its name to the International Cricket Council. Zimbabwe became a full member in 1992, Bangladesh in 2000, and Afghanistan and Ireland were admitted as test sides in 2018, bringing the ICC's full membership to 12 countries.

Suspension of South Africa (1970–1991)

The biggest crisis to hit international cricket was posed by South Africa's racial segregation policy, apartheid. The situation began to materialize for him after 1961 when South Africa seceded from the Commonwealth of Nations and, according to the rules of the time, the South African Cricket Board had to secede from the International Cricket Conference (ICC). In 1968, protests against apartheid in cricket intensified when the South African authorities canceled the England national team's trip to South Africa following the addition of cape-collar player Basil D'Oliveira to the England team. In 1970, ICC members voted to indefinitely suspend South Africa from international cricket competition. Hungry for top-level competition for the best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding the so-called 'Rebel Tour', providing significant funding for international cricket competitions. Players form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist rebel players who agreed to travel to South Africa, banning them from competing in officially sanctioned international cricket. Due to the low wages for players in the 1970s, some players accepted offers to travel to South Africa, especially those approaching the end of their careers where blacklisting would seem to have little effect. Rebel campaigns continued into the 1980s, after which progress in South African politics made it clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a 'Rainbow Nation' under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.

World Series Cricket

The financial problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricket crisis in 1977 when Australian media mogul Kelly Packer ran into trouble with the Australian Cricket Commission over television rights. Taking advantage of the low wages paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing some of the world's best players to private cricket leagues outside of international cricket's organization. World Series cricket has hired some of the suspended South African players so they can showcase their skills against other world-class players on the international stage. This division continued until 1979 when the 'rebel' players were allowed to return to established international cricket, but many found the national team to have continued without them. World Series cricket's long-term achievements include significantly higher player salaries and the introduction of innovations such as color kits and night games.

Limited-overs cricket

In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with a limited maximum number of overs per innings in each innings-only match. Beginning in 1963 as a knockout-only competition, limited-overs cricket became more popular, and a national league was established in 1969, resulting in a decrease in the number of County He championship matches. Limited Overmatch status is governed by the official List A classification. Many 'traditional' cricket fans objected to the shortened format of the match, but limited-overs cricket had the advantage of delivering results to spectators within a day. It certainly improved cricket's appeal to young and busy people. And it proved to be a commercial success. The first limited-overs international match was held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 to make up time after the test match was canceled due to heavy rain on the first day. It was attempted purely as an experiment to give players exercise but proved to be very popular. Since then, Limited Over International Matches (LOI or ODI, i.e. international matches for one day only) have grown to become a very popular match format, especially for busy people who want to see the full match. The International Cricket Council reacted to the move by organizing the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all nations playing test.

Analytic and graphic technology

Cricket limited overs increased the viewership of television coverage of cricket. The innovative techniques introduced in limited overmatch coverage were quickly adopted for test coverage. This innovation includes the display of detailed statistics and graphic analysis, the placement of small cameras on stumps, the multiple use of cameras to provide shots from multiple locations on the ground, and the ability for television viewers to study the course of nature. It includes high-speed shooting and computer graphics techniques that make it possible. Help you understand the referee's decision. In 1992, the South Africa vs. India test series introduced the use of a third umpire to judge runout appeals on television replays. The third official's duties have since been expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stamping, catches, and boundaries. Since 2011, third referees have been asked to moderately review referee decisions, including lbw, with the help of virtual reality tracking technology (such as Hawkeye and Hotspot), but such measures still It was not possible to release some of the plaintiffs. A decision out of bitter controversy.

21st-century cricket

In June 2001, the ICC introduced the 'Test Championship Table' and in October 2002 the 'One Day International Championship Table'. As the ICC rankings show, the various forms of cricket continue to be the main competitive sport in most of the former British Empire countries, especially the Indian subcontinent, and new entrants, including the Netherlands. In 2017, the number of countries officially joining the ICC increased to 12 with the addition of Afghanistan and Ireland. The ICC has expanded its development program to develop more national teams that can compete in different formats. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian countries and the United States. The 2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time. Cricket's latest innovation is Twenty20, which is essentially nighttime entertainment. So far, the games have been hugely popular with large crowds and high TV ratings. The first ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held in 2007. The establishment of the Twenty20 League in India, the unofficial Indian Cricket League which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League which started in 2008, has caused much speculation in the cricket-related press. Impact on the future of cricket. Formats shorter than Twenty20 also occur at the national level, such as the T10 format and the 100-ball format played in leagues organized by various associates and full members. Played in The Hundred, England's major limited overs competition.

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